Life cycle assessment (LCA) for flow batteries: A review of methodological decisions

A transition from fossil to renewable energy requires the development of sustainable electric storage systems capable accommodate an increasing amount energy, at larger power and for a longer time. Flow batteries are seen as one promising technology face this challenge. As different innovations in field still under development, reproducible, comparable verifiable life cycle assessment studies crucial providing clear evidence on sustainability flow battery systems. Based review 20 relevant systems, published between 1999 2021, contribution explored methodological choices regarding sequence phases defined ISO 14,040 series: goal scope definition, inventory analysis, impact interpretation. Inspired by good practice examples, common gaps weaknesses were identified recommendations comparative derived. This includes suggestions expanded functional unit provision more detailed transparent reporting LCI data while using input/output tables. Outcomes study also relevance amendment Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC, where first drafts revision European Council, including introduction passport, which should encourage producers reduce their carbon footprint avoid problematic materials.